Antibacterial Activity Of Barleria Prionitis
Antimicrobial and TNF-α Inhibitory Activity of Barleria prionitis and Barleria grandiflora. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was found to be.
. Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 7, Issue 4, 73-75 Original Article ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF BARLERIA PRIONITIS ON PATHOGENIC STRAINS PRIYANKA PANCHAL a, KAMAL SINGH b aIBMER, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, India, bVallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, Delhi University, Delhi, India Email: drpriyanka.biotech@gmail.com Received: 24 Jul 2015, Revised and Accepted: 15 Sep 2015 ABSTRACT Objectives: The present study was planned to investigate the antimicrobial activity of different part of the plant drug. Therefore, the preliminary successive solvent extraction and chemical test revealed the presence of secondary metabolites in various extracts, and provide us clue for further investigation. Methods: Different solvents i.e., Chloroform, Acetonitrile, Ethanol, was used for extraction of active secondary metabolites by the Soxhlet method.
Percentage of yield 4, and antimicrobial activity by gradient plate technique 13. Statistical analysis has done by standard error by mean (SEM), in which n=3. Results: The significant antimicrobial activity of leaf, stem and root along with 1.2±0.0136 mg/ml to 4±0.0128 mg/ml on bacterial strain and 9.4±0.0128 mg/ml to 14.5±0.0149 mg/ml MIC value with SEM. The highest percentage of yield was observed in Ethanol, chloroform and Acetonitrile i. E from 3.7% to 5.36%.
Various numbers of secondary metabolites were extracted from 1 to 4 in Barleria prionitis Linn. Conclusion: Ethanol has been shown as a best solvent to yield, extracted components and antimicrobial effects prospects while acetonitrile and chloroform were also good solvents to extract secondary metabolite components. Keywords: Barleria prionitis, Secondary metabolites, Antimicrobial activity, Solvents. INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are the important source of medicine, which is being used in the Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Chinese and Tibetan medicine worldwide since time immemorial and approximately 60-80% of the world’s population still depends on traditional medicines 1-4. Several medicinal compounds have been successfully isolated from plants and presently being used for the treatment and management of different diseases.
The discovery of new drugs through natural products is the single most successful strategy which led the invention of several modern drugs. Though the use of the plants, human beings have taken advantage of the medicinal compound known as secondary metabolites present in the leaves, stems, roots and sap of the plants. The secondary metabolites such as saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinone, steroids and tannins from plants has also been used in the modern system of medicines for their extensive therapeutic values 5. Barleria prionitis Linn. (Acanthaceae) commonly found in the tropical Asia, including Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka and in tropical Africa and Yemen 7, is well known for its medicinal values and used by tribal’s of malghat region for medicinal purpose 6.
The leaf, stem and bark of this plant has already been used as diuretic, hepato protective, anti-inflammatory agent and the juice of leaves was found useful in fungal infections, whooping cough, bleeding teeth, toothache and joint pain 6-8. The root of this plant posse’s anti-fertility activity and also used for controlling the fever; glandular swelling. The flowers have been used for the treatment of migraine, internal abscesses, edema, haemoptysis, urethral discharges, seminal disorders and to reduce the obesity 9 The crude extract of this plant along with oil helps in arresting the hair graying, arthritis and gout 10 This plant is widely used for the management of various neurological disorders like paraplegia, sciatica, also in leprosy and other skin diseases 9. Through the therapeutic value of this plant has been investigated, but the detailed phytochemical studies in relation to its antimicrobial activity have not been investigated. Therefore, keeping the above facts in view, the present study has been planned to investigate the antimicrobial activity of leaf, stem, and root of Barleria prionitis. Materials and Methods Collection of plant The whole plant was collected from Govt.
Nursery of Modinagar, Dist. Ghaziabad, U. P, India, and has been authenticated by NBRI, Lucknow, India (Voucher/Specimen no. Is NBRI-SOP-202) a voucher specimen was deposited in the department.
E xtraction The plant’s part (stems, leaves, roots) were separated from each other and washed carefully under running tap water followed by distilled water. These were shade dried under room temperature for one week and pulverized to a fine powder, using a sterilized mixer grinder. The 300 gm power of each plant part extracted by the Soxhlet method using Chloroform, Acetonitrile, Ethanol, as solvents on the basis of their polarity of 4.1,5.8 and19.4 respectively. Yield The percentage yields were calculated using following formula: 11 Qualitative phytochemical investigations of extract A qualitative chemical test was conducted with the aim to check the presence of various phytochemical constituents in different parts of plant extracts. The phytochemical analysis was conducted using the test developed by Kolkata et al. (2013) and the presence of different phytochemicals in the extract was listed in the table which as further used for qualitative investigation. Antimicrobial activity Collection of strain The strain of Bacterial pathogens Corynebacterium diphtheriae: MTCC 116, Pseudomonas aeruginosa: MTCC 10462, Bacillus thuringiensis: MTCC 10484, Bacillus anthracis: MTCC 10095, Salmonella typhi: MTCC 3231, C.
Pneumoniae: MTCC 7162 and Fungal pathogens like A fumigatus: MTCC 4163, C. Neoformans: MTCC 6333, C. Albicans: MTCC 7253, was collected from innovative life sciences, lucknow and C.
Vaginitis: Clinical isolate, B dermatitidis clinical isolate. Gaurang Homeo Clinic, Aliganj, Sector-1, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh. Preparation of bacterial/fungal strains and culture conditions The obtained cultures of S. Pneumoniae, B. Thurengenesis, B. Anthracis, P. Aeruginosa were maintained on nutrient agar and A.
Fumigates, C. Neoformans, C. Vaginitis, B. Dermatitidis on Potato Dextrose agar medium by making slants and the stock cultures of were transferred at monthly intervals. A single colony was transferred in sterile 100 ml of nutrient broth/potato dextrose media and incubated at 37 °C/25 °C in a shaker at 140 rpm for 14 h. Culture of bacteria and fungi was recovered by centrifugation and were suspended in sterile distilled water; the concentration of the pathogen was optimized by maintaining OD to 0.1 at 600 nm 12. Name of the Sec.
Metabolite Method-1 Method-2 1 Alkaloid Hager’s method Tannic acid method 2 Saponin Foam test 3 Steroids/Terpenoids Salkowaski reaction 4 Flavonoids Shindona test Sodium hydroxide test 5 Tannins Lead Acetate test 6 Card. Glycosides Kellar Killani test Beljet’s test 7 Anthroquinone Confirmation test given in kokate.
And ABSTRACT Barleria prionitis Linn. (Family: Acanthaceae) is a well-known perennial, Ayurvedic herb distributed in the tropical Asia, Africa and Yemen. The whole plant or its specific parts (leaf, stem, root, bark and flower) has been utilized for treatment of toothache, catarrhal affections, whooping cough, inflammations, glandular swellings, urinary infection, jaundice, fever, gastrointestinal disorders and as diuretic and tonic. A wide range of phytochemical constituents including balarenone, pipataline prionisides, barlerinoside, verbascoside, shanzhiside methyl ester, barlerin, acetylbarlerin, lupulinoside, scutellarein have been isolated from the different parts of this plant. Extracts and isolated phytochemicals from this plant have been found to posses wide range of pharmacological include antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antifertility, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, cytoprotective, hepatoprotective, diuretic, antidiarrhoeal, enzyme inhibitory and anti-nociceptive activities without any toxic effects.
So, in this review attempt has being made to highlight the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of this plant. Services How to cite this article: D. Banerjee, A.K. Mahapatra and P. Banerji, 2012. Barleria prionitis Linn.: A Review of its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicity.
Research Journal of Phytochemistry, 6: 31-41. DOI: URL: Received: September 14, 2011; Accepted: December 24, 2011; Published: February 23, 2012 INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are used worldwide in management of healthcare problems since time immemorial and approximately 60-80% of the worlds population still depending on the traditional medicines (;;;;; ). Currently, the global demand of herbal medicines is increasing rapidly because of their higher safety margin and low cost. Medicinal plants are believed to be a potential source for the discovery of new drug candidates (;;; ). Numbers of active compound classes like alkaloids, terpens, flavonoids, glycosides, lignans, phenolics, saponins etc has been used in the modern system of medicines for their wide therapeutic activities (;;;; ). Ayurveda, a traditional systems medicine in India, have major treatment globally (; ). Prionitis Linn.
(family: Acanthaceae) is well-known in ayurvedic system of medicine in India. The whole plant, root, leaves and bark of the plant occupy a significant place in the indigenous system of medicine of India for the treatment of various diseases like toothache, inflammations, boils, glandular swellings, catarrhal affections etc. In India it has several vernacular names like In English-yellow nail-dye plant, porcupine flower; Sanskrit-vajradanti, kurantaka, koranta; Hindi-kala bans, katsareya, piabansa; Bengali-kantajinti, peetjhanti; Gujarati-kantashila; Kannada-karunta, mullugorante; Malayalam-chemmulli, varelmutti; Marathi-kalsunda, kate koranti, kholeta, koranta, pivala-koranta; Odia-daskeranta; Tamil-kaattu kanagaambaram, semmulli and in Telugu-mullugorinta chettu (; ). In Indian traditional systems of medicine (Ayurveda) it is known as sahachara, baana, kurantaka, kuranta, koranda, korandaka, shairiya and pita-saireyaka. In folk medicine it is known as piyaabaasaa, jhinti and katsaraiyaa.
Here, the attempt has been made to highlight its traditional uses, phytoconstituents, pharmacology and toxicity. DISTRIBUTION It is commonly found in tropical Asia include India, Malesia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka and in tropical Africa and Yemen. This plant is distributed throughout the hotter parts of India and commonly grown in gardens as a hedge plant (; ). It is commonly found in the states of India include Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Diu and Daman, Goa, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Laccadive and Maldiv Islands, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Pudhucherry, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. GENERAL BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION B.
Prionitis is a perennial, erect, bushy shrub grows up to 1-2 m high. They posses 2-4 sharp long axillary spines which about 11 mm long. The stems are terete, glabrous, much branched with cylindrical and tapering branchlet (; ). Leaves are smooth, opposite, ovate-elliptic to obovate, acuminate, tapering to base, bristle-tipped and about 6-15 cm long and 4-6 cm wide. The petioles are about 0.5-3 cm long. The flowers are sessile, yellow in colour and often solitary in lower axils and spictate in the upper axils. Bracts are acute, linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, about 1-1.5 cm long and 0.2-0.8 cm wide with bristle tipped (; ).
The bracteoles are long, narrowly linear-lanceolate, spinous-tipped, about 1.4 cm long and 0.15 cm wide. The calyx is two partite.
The outer calyx-lobes are mucronate, ovate-oblong and inner lobes are mucronate, linear-lanceolate. The outer lobes are 1.5 cm long and 0.4 cm wide while the inner lobes are 13 mm long and 2 mm wide (; ).
The corolla is bright, golden yellow in colour with pubescent outside and glabrous inside and about 1.5 cm long. It is somewhat bilipped and lobes are oval-oblong, rounded and entire. The stamens include 2 fertile stamens and 2 staminoid stamens. The fertile stamens are exerted beyond the corolla tube while the staminod stamens are very short. The filaments are hairy and about 2-2.5 cm long, glandular-pubescent and yellowish in colour. The yellow anthers are 3 mm long (;; ). The ovary is ovoid and sigma is long, linear, sticky and pinkish in colour.
The fruit capsule is ovoid, 2 seeded and about 1.5-2 cm long and 0.6-0.8 cm wide. The seeds are oval-oblong, covered with silky copper-brown appressed hairs and measuring about 7.4-8.5x6-6.8 mm (;; ). USE IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE In indigenous system of medicine in India, the juice of B. Prionitis leaves is used in stomach disorders, urinary affections, ulcer and fever. The leaf juice mixed with honey given to children in catarrhal affections and fever. Leaves are chewed to relieve from toothache. Some tribal communities are used leaves for the treatment of piles and reduce irritation (; ).
The leaf juice is applied externally in lacerated soles of feet and pimples. The dried stem bark is used as an expectorant in whooping cough and diaphoretic (; ). The aerial parts of this plant are also used in inflammations and gastrointestinal disorders. The root paste is externally applied to disperse boils and glandular swellings.
The flowers are used internally for the treatment of migraine, internal abscesses, oedema, haemoptysis, urethral discharges, seminal disorders and reduce obesity. The whole plant is also used in stiffness of limbs, enlargement of scrotum and sciatica. The whole plant, specifically the roots are used as diuretic and tonic.
It is also used in urinary infection, jaundice, hepatic obstruction and dropsy (; ). Ash of the whole plant with honey is given in bronchial asthma. The crude extract of this plant in oil is recommended in arresting the greying of hair, arthritis and gout (, ). In South India, this plant is widely used in neurological disorders like paraplegia, sciatica, also in leprosy and other skin diseases. The plant formulation, available in over the counter is prescribed in dysurea, rheumatic affections, internal abscesses, nervine disorders and in chronic sinusitis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY Preliminary phyto of hydro-m of B.
Prionitis whole plant indicated the presence of glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids and tannins. The leaves and flowering tops were reported to rich in potassium salts. Several phytochemicals viz., balarenone (1), pipataline (2), lupeol (3), prioniside A (4), prioniside B (5) and prioniside C (6) has been isolated from the of B. Prionitis (; ).
Numbers of glycosides include barlerinoside (7), verbascoside (8), shanzhiside methyl ester (9), 6-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-8-O-acetylshanzhiside methyl ester (10), barlerin (11), acetylbarlerin (12), 7-methoxydiderroside (13), lupulinoside (14) has been also isolated from the aerial parts (;;; ). Two anthraquinones derivatives has been also identified in this plant and their structures were characterized as 1,8, dihydroxy-2,7-dimethyl 3, 6-dimethoxy anthraquinone and 1,3,6,8-tetra methoxy-2,7-dimethyl anthraquinone. The leaves were reported to contain scutellarein (15), melilotic acid (16), syringic acid (17), vanillic acid (18), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (19), 6-hydroxyflavones (20). Beside these phytochemicals, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (21), β-sitosterol (22), scutellarein 7-neohesperidoside (23), apigenin 7-O-glucoside (24), 13, 14-seco-stigmasta-5, 14-diene-3-a-ol (25) were also reported to present in B. Prionitis (;;;; ).
The structures of some phytochemicals are given in. 1: Structures of some selected phytochemical isolated from B. Prionitis Linn. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY Antibacterial activity: It has been reported that different solvent (ether, ethanol and chloroform) extracts of B. Prionitis leaves and callus showed against numbers of gram positive bacterial isolates while no or slight inhibitions were observed against the aqueous extracts. Among these extracts, the ether extract showed strongest.
Some antibacterial phytochemicals include balarenone, pipataline and 13, 14-seco-stigmasta-5, 14-diene-3-a-ol have been isolated from the of B. Prionitis and these compounds showed strong against and. It was reported that the different solvent extracts of barks, leaves and stems showed potent antibacterial activity against oral pathogens Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and causing. Among the extracts, the methanolic bark extract showed more potent inhibitory activity against all the oral. Prionitis may be due to the presence of acetylbarlerin, barlerin, shanzhiside methyl ester, verbascoside, balarenone, pipataline, 13, 14-seco-stigmasta-5, 14-diene-3- a-ol and 6-O-acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester (; ).: The acetone, methanol and ethanol extracts of B. Prionitis bark showed antifungal activity against oral pathogenic fungus and two strains of Candida albicans.
Among the extracts, m was more potent against all the fungal isolates. Reported that the petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethanol extract of stem and root showed fungistatic and fungicidal activities against C. Antiviral activity: isolated two iridoid glycosides viz. 6-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-8-O-acetylshanzhiside methyl ester and its cis isomer from B.
In vitro study showed that these two glycosides posses potent antiviral activity against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) with EC 50 and IC 50 values of 2.46 and 42.2 μg mL -1, respectively. Anthelmintic activity: The whole plant extract of B. Prionitis was reported have anthelmintic activity.
In vitro study showed that aqueous and s were significantly paralyzed the Pheretima posthuma worms at lower doses (50, 75 and 100 mg mL -1) and caused death over 100 mg mL -1 dose concentration in compare to standard drug albendazole. Antifertility activity: The antifertility activity of B. Prionitis roots was reported.
Oral administration of methanolic root extract (100 mg/rat/day) reduced the spermatogenesis in male albino rats (; ). It was observed that the root extract decreased the production of round spermatids, spermatogonia, preleptotene spermatocytes population and mature leydig cells. Biochemical investigation revealed that the root extract was also reduced the total protein, glycogen, sialic acid contents of the testes, testicular glycogen contents, epididymides, ventral prostate and seminal vesicle (; ). The antifertility effect of root extract may be due to the presence of iridoid glycosides barlerin and acetyl barlerin via affecting the functions of testicular somatic cells. Antioxidant activity: The whole plant extract of B.
Prionitis was reported to show potent. In vitro study showed that the ethanol and aqueous extracts of whole plant posses significant against 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and Fe 3+ reduction assay. In compare to antioxidant potency, the ethanol extract was more potent than aqueous extract and its antioxidant potency showed sharp co-relation with the phenolic content of the extract. Reported that the m of roots, leaves and stems showed significant antioxidant property. It was observed that the leaves showed higher degree antioxidant potential and high phenolic content in comparison to flower and stem.
Some glycosides have been isolated from the aerial parts of B. Prionitis namely barlerinoside, shanzhiside methyl ester, 6-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-8-O-acetylshanzhiside methyl ester, barlerin, acetylbarlerin, 7-methoxydiderroside and lupulinoside showed. Among the isolated glycosides, only barlerinoside showed higher potential of antioxidant property with an IC 50 value of 0.41 mg mL -1. Antidiabetic activity: revealed that the alcoholic extract of B. Prionitis leaves showed antidiabetic activity.
Oral administration of alcoholic extract at dose concentration 200 mg kg -1 body weight significantly decreased the, glycosylated hemoglobin level and increased serum insulin and liver glycogen level in diabetic rats. The extract also arrested the diabetes mediated weight loss. Enzyme inhibitory effects: The extracts from the different parts and isolated phytochemicals of B. Prionitis reported to inhibit the clinically significant enzymes, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)., reported that the methanolic extracts of leaf, stem and root exhibited AChE inhibitory activities and the leaf and stem extracts exhibited higher potency of inhibition in compare the root extract.
Several glycosides include barlerinoside, shanzhiside methyl ester, 6-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-8-O-acetylshanzhiside methyl ester, barlerin, acetylbarlerin, pataline, lupeol, 7-methoxydiderroside, 13, 14-seco-stigmasta-5, 14-diene-3-a-ol and lupulinoside have been isolated from the aerial parts of B. Prionitis and these compounds showed different levels of AChE inhibitory activity (; ). All these compounds and prioniside B and prioniside C also showed GST inhibitory activity of which prioniside B and prioniside C were more potential GST inhibitors (;, ). Anti-inflammatory activity: Several reports demonstrated the usage of B. Prionitis in the treatment of inflammations. The anti-inflammatory activity of B.
Prionitis was evaluated through enzyme based cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) assays. It was found that the dichloromethane, petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of leaves, stems and roots exhibited significant inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 with subsequent inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis that are involved in pain sensation. The Aqueous Fraction (TAF) of hydrom of B. Prionitis whole plant reported to have significant anti-inflammatory activity against the acute inflammation induced by carrageenan, histamine and dextran in rats.
The anti-inflammatory activity of the TAF may be due to the presence of iridoid glucosides, shanzhiside methyl ester, acetyl barlerin and barlein. Another study revealed that the aqueous extract fractions (FR-III and FR-IV) of root significantly inhibited the caragennan induced rat paw edema. The FR-III and FR-IV at oral dose concentration of 400 mg kg -1 body weight inhibited the paw edema by 50.64 and 55.76%, respectively and the results were comparable with the reference standard drug indomethacin with a 60.25% of inhibition.
The of flowers also exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in rats. Oral administration of flower extract (200 mg kg -1 body weight) showed significant dose-dependent reduction in carrageenin induced swelling and cotton pellet granuloma weight that were equivalent to 48.6 and 36.4% protection. Anti-arthritic activity: The TAF fraction was reported to have anti-arthritic property in induced adjuvant arthritis rats model. The TAF at oral dose range of 12.5-100 mg kg -1 significantly inhibited leucocytes migration and lowered the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and exudate volume in pleural cavity which indicated the inhibition of vascular permeability in arthritis-induced rats. Cytoprotective activity: Mast cells play an important role in inflammatory responses and release histamine upon their degranulation to produce various allergic reactions. Reported that the hydro-m of whole plant showed dose-dependent mast cells and erythrocyte membrane protection activity in response to the toxic chemicals.
The extract inhibited the Compound 48/80 induced mast cells degranulation up to 64.91% at dose concentration 10 μg mL -1 and the result was comparable with the reference standard disodium cromoglycate (10 μg mL -1) with 19.32% protection. The extract (10 μg mL -1) provided significant erythrocyte membrane protection (27.10%) against hypotonicity haemolysis and the result was comparable with reference standard indomethacin (10 μg mL -1) with 61.29% protection. Hepatoprotective activity: The iridoid glycosides enriched fraction from hyrdo of leaves and stems of B. Prionitis was reported to show significant hepatoprotection against carbon tetrachloride, galactosamine and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in mice and rats.
The oral administration of iridoid fraction significantly reduced the hepatotoxin induced elevated levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and triglycerides in a dose dependent manner. The fraction was also increased the hepatic glutathione content and reduced the hepatic in response to the hepatotoxicity in mice and rats. Diuretic effect: The diuretic property of B. Prionitis flower extract was performed. The oral administration of aqueous flower extract (200 mg kg -1) was significantly increased the urination (dieresis) and sodium elimination but not potassium in rats.
The diuretic effect of flower extract (200 mg kg -1) was comparable and statistically significant with the reference drug furosemide (20 mg kg -1). Anti-nociceptive activity: The analgesic activity of B. Prionitis flowers was evaluated using an Ugo Basile Analgesy meter induced artificial pain and acetic acid induced writhing models. In vivo study showed that the flower extract dose dependently provided a significant increase in the analgesio-meter-induced force and exhibited significant resistance against pain in mice.
The flower extract was also provided dose dependent significant reduction in writhing characterizes by the reduction in acetic acid induced abdominal cramping and abdominal cramping. At a dose concentration of 50 mg kg -1 body weight, the extract provided statistically significant reduction of writhing by 5.24%. Anti-diarrheal activity: reported the anti-diarrheal potential of butanol fraction of B. Prionitis leaves. In vivo study showed that the butanol fraction dose dependently inhibited the castor oil induced diarrhea and PGE2 induced enteropooling in sprague-dawley rats.
The butanol fraction also reduced the gastrointestinal motility in response to charcoal-induced gut transit changes. TOXICITY The toxicity study with the alcoholic extract of roots and leaves of B. Prionitis did not showed any toxic effects in adult albino rats (. No death was observed up to the oral administration of extract dose concentration 2.5 g kg -1 body weight during the 14 days of study period.
Reported that the iridoid glucosides rich aqueous fraction B. Prionitis did not produced any signs of abnormalities or any mortality up to the single oral administration of 3000 mg kg -1 dose in mice during the 15 days of study period. However, the intraperitoneal LD 50 was determined as 2530 mg kg -1 for the aqueous fraction in mice. CONCLUSION B. Prionitis occupy a significant place in the Ayurvedic medicine in India.
The detailed information as provided in this review on its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of the extracts of different parts might be added value in the scientific evaluation of medicinal use of this plant. Extensive literature survey revealed the promising pharmacological includes antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antifertility, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, cytoprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-diarrhoeal, enzyme inhibitory, diuretic and anti-nociceptive activities of the extract and isolated molecules of this plant without any toxic effects. In future study, the conversion of these pharmacological activities in to the modern drugs, proper scientific evaluation includes isolation of responsible phytochemicals, their mechanism of actions, toxicity and proper standardization need to be explored. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to Dr. Pranab Banerji, the President of Ulysses Research Foundation, Kolkata, India for his assistance for carrying out this work. REFERENCES Agrawal, B., S. Pandey, 2011.
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